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Abstract

The homotopy perturbation method applied to the Green’s-function (Hammerstein) form of a nonlinear two-point boundary value problem produces a series whose terms satisfy the boundary conditions and are obtained by single integrations. This coupling is known, and for the homotopy considered it coincides with the Adomian decomposition method in integral form. The present paper studies when, and to what, the resulting series converges. Three results of increasing sharpness are proved: a contraction theorem with a geometric error bound; a majorant theorem that reduces convergence to a scalar inequality and gives closed-form coefficient bounds of Catalan and Lambert- type; and, when the kernel, the source and the nonlinearity have fixed signs, a Pringsheim-type theorem showing that the series converges as far as the analytic solution branch extends and diverges beyond a fold of that branch. For the Bratu problem this yields convergence if and only if , where , whereas the first two results guarantee only  and . For a Fredholm equation with the kernel , the linearisation at the intended solution becomes singular at ; numerical branch tracking indicates that beyond this value the series converges to a different solution. The computed coefficients are consistent with the decay  expected at a quadratic fold, and extrapolation of 60 terms reproduces  to seven significant digits. Comparisons with Picard iteration, finite differences and the Nyström method indicate that the approach is most useful in symbolic and parametric computations.

Keywords

Green’s function; homotopy perturbation method; Bratu problem; turning point; majorant series

Article Details

Author Biographies

Maha Al-Sharif, Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya

Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya

Mohaned Alkbuer, Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya

Department of General Sciences, Faculty of Engineering, University of Sabratha, Sabratha, Libya

How to Cite
Al-Sharif, M., & Alkbuer, M. (2026). Sharp Convergence of the Green’s Function–Homotopy Perturbation Method and Detection of Turning Points in Nonlinear Boundary Value Problems: Journal of Applied Science (JAS) Volume 16 – Issue (1)- 2026. Journal of Applied Science. Retrieved from https://jas.sabu.edu.ly/index.php/JS/article/view/325

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