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Abstract
Background: Anemia is one of the most important global public health issues and affects millions of people, with an especially high burden among pediatric populations. Objectives: The review gives a comprehensive overview of anemia, detailing its pathophysiological range, causes and clinical significance. It begins with the main types of anemia, such as megaloblastic (vitamin B12 and folate deficiencies), hemolytic, aplastic, anemia of chronic disease and hemoglobinopathies such as sickle cell disease and thalassemia. The attention then shifts to Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA), the most prevalent subtype globally. We review the complex nature of human iron metabolism, with special emphasis on dietary interactions between heme and non-heme iron, systemic homeostasis by hepcidin and cellular pathophysiology of microcytic hypochromic erythropoiesis. Further, the review critically discusses the risk factors leading to IDA among schoolchildren in the light of a complex interaction between nutritional deficiencies, socioeconomic determinants and physiological demands of growth and risks of chronic infection. Last but not least, we underscore the profound systemic ramifications of untreated IDA in children, especially its long-term effects on neurodevelopment, cognitive performance, educational achievement and immune resilience. Sustained public health strategies such as targeted dietary intervention, community level fortification programs, early diagnostic screening and context specific health policies are needed to reverse the global trend of childhood IDA. Conclusion: Anemia encompasses a wide spectrum of disorders, among which Iron Deficiency Anemia (IDA) is the most prevalent, severely impairing neurocognitive development, immune function, and academic growth in schoolchildren. Combating this multifaceted condition requires a proactive, multisectoral strategy focused on targeted iron supplementation, early diagnostic screening, and improved access to adequate nutrition.